dEprEssi0n

Depression is not to be confused with the subject of Depressants.
In the fields of psychology and psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to sadness and other related emotions and behaviours. It can be thought of as either a disease or a syndrome.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) states that a depressed mood is often reported as feeling depressed, sad, helpless, and hopeless. In traditional colloquy, "depressed" is often synonymous with "sad," but both clinical and non-clinical depression can also refer to a conglomeration of more than one feeling.
Such a mixture can include (but is not limited to) anger, fear, anxiety, despair, guilt, apathy, perceived helplessness, loss of interest in pleasure, pain, and/or grief, in addition to what many people would describe as typical "sadness". Depressives sometimes engage in violence or excessive criticism of others. Many depressed people have obsessions, alcoholism or other addictions. Depression is harmful to the human body and can affect proper functioning of the brain. Extended depression can lead to suicidal tendencies.
With modern medical developments, even mild levels of depression can be now treated.
While a depressed mood is usually referred to (and perceived) as negative, it can sometimes be subtly beneficial in helping a person adapt to circumstance. For example, physical illness, such as influenza, can lead to feelings of psychological malaise and depression that seem, at first, only to compound an already unpleasant situation.
However, the experience of depression, or feeling "down," often results in physical inertia, which leads to the compulsion to rest. The fleeting helplessness and immobility of the physically ill may also serve to elicit care from others."[5]
From an evolutionary standpoint, some argue that depression could be at least partially related to atavistic fears that were originally based on real dangers. Paul Keedwell, in his book, How Sadness Survived: The Evolutionary Basis of Depression, suggests that, because "social support and interdependence were important features of the [human] ancestral environment," "the [peer] group could have offered extra help to the depressed person until the condition resolved."
Further, "...a depressed person may change the attitudes of other people around him, making them more sympathetic to his needs and therefore giving him a long term [social or reproductive] advantage.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)
 
If you feel depressed, it's best to do something about it — depression doesn't just go away on its own. In addition to getting help from a doctor or therapist, here are 5 things you can do to feel better.
1. Exercise. Take a 15- to 30-minute brisk walk every day — or dance, jog, or bike if you prefer. People who are depressed may not feel much like being active. But make yourself do it anyway (ask a friend to exercise with you if you need to be motivated). Once you get in the exercise habit, it won't take long to notice a difference in your mood.

In addition to getting aerobic exercise, some yoga poses can help relieve feelings of depression. Try downward-facing dog or legs-up-the-wall pose (you can find these poses on yoga websites). Two other aspects of yoga — breathing exercises and meditation — can also help people with depression feel better.
2. Nurture yourself with good nutrition. Depression can affect appetite. One person may not feel like eating at all, but another might overeat. If depression has affected your eating, you'll need to be extra mindful of getting the right nourishment. Proper nutrition can influence a person's mood and energy. So eat plenty of fruits and vegetables and get regular meals (even if you don't feel hungry, try to eat something light, like a piece of fruit, to keep you going).
3. Identify troubles, but don't dwell on them. Try to identify any situations that have contributed to your depression. When you know what's got you feeling blue and why, talk about it with a caring friend. Talking is a way to release the feelings and to receive some understanding. If there's no one to tell, pouring your heart out to a journal works just as well.

Once you air out these thoughts and feelings, turn your attention to something positive. Take action to solve problems. Ask for help if you need it. Feeling connected to friends and family can help relieve depression. (It may also help them feel there's something they can do instead of just watching you hurt.)
4. Express yourself. With depression, a person's creativity and sense of fun may seem blocked. By exercising your imagination (painting, drawing, doodling, sewing, writing, dancing, composing music, etc.) you not only get those creative juices flowing, you also loosen up some positive emotions. Take time to play with a friend or a pet, or do something fun for yourself. Find something to laugh about — a funny movie, perhaps. Laughter helps lighten your mood.
5. Look on the bright side. Depression affects a person's thoughts, making everything seem dismal, negative, and hopeless. If depression has you noticing only the negative, make an effort to notice the good things in life. Try to notice one thing, then try to think of one more. Consider your strengths, gifts, or blessings. Most of all, don't forget to be patient with yourself. Depression takes time to heal.
http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_mind/problems/depression_tips.html
 
Why Do People Get Depressed?
There is no single cause for depression. Many factors play a role including genetics, environment, life events, medical conditions, and the way people react to things that happen in their lives.
Genetics
Research shows that depression runs in families and that some people inherit genes that make it more likely for them to get depressed. Not everyone who has the genetic makeup for depression gets depressed, though. And many people who have no family history of depression have the condition. So although genes are one factor, they aren't the single cause of depression.
Life Events
The death of a family member, friend, or pet can go beyond normal grief and sometimes lead to depression. Other difficult life events, such as when parents divorce, separate, or remarry, can trigger depression. Even events like moving or changing schools can be emotionally challenging enough that a person becomes depressed.
Family and Social Environment
For some teens, a negative, stressful, or unhappy family atmosphere can affect their self-esteem and lead to depression. This can also include high-stress living situations such as poverty; homelessness; and violence in the family, relationships, or community.
Substance use and abuse also can cause chemical changes in the brain that affect mood — alcohol and some drugs are known to have depressant effects. The negative social and personal consequences of substance abuse also can lead to severe unhappiness and depression.
Medical Conditions
Certain medical conditions can affect hormone balance and therefore have an effect on mood. Some conditions, such as hypothyroidism, are known to cause a depressed mood in some people. When these medical conditions are diagnosed and treated by a doctor, the depression usually disappears.
For some teens, undiagnosed learning disabilities might block school success, hormonal changes might affect mood, or physical illness might present challenges or setbacks.
Types of Depression
For some people, depression can be intense and occur in bouts that last for weeks at a time. For others, depression can be less severe but can linger at a low level for years.
Doctors who treat depression distinguish between these two types of depression. They call the more severe, short-lasting type major depression, and the longer-lasting but less severe form dysthymia (pronounced: diss-thy-me-uh).
A third form of depression that doctors may diagnose is called adjustment disorder with depressed mood. This diagnosis refers to a depressive reaction to a specific life event (such as a death, divorce, or other loss), when adjusting to the loss takes longer than the normally expected timeframe or is more severe than expected and interferes with the person's daily activities.
Bipolar disorder (also sometimes called manic depressive illness) is another depressive condition that involves periods of major depression mixed with periods of mania. Mania is the term for abnormally high mood and extreme bursts of unusual activity or energy.
What Are the Symptoms of Depression?
Symptoms that people have when they're depressed can include:
• depressed mood or sadness most of the time (for what may seem like no reason)
• lack of energy and feeling tired all the time
• inability to enjoy things that used to bring pleasure
• withdrawal from friends and family
• irritability, anger, or anxiety
• inability to concentrate
• significant weight loss or gain
• significant change in sleep patterns (inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or get up in the morning)
• feelings of guilt or worthlessness
• aches and pains (with no known medical cause)
• pessimism and indifference (not caring about anything in the present or future)
• thoughts of death or suicide
When someone has five or more of these symptoms most of the time for 2 weeks or longer, that person is probably depressed.
Teens who are depressed may show other warning signs or symptoms, such as lack of interest or motivation, poor concentration, and low mental energy caused by depression. They also might have increased problems at school because of skipped classes.
Some teens with depression have other problems, too, and these can intensify feelings of worthlessness or inner pain. For example, people who cut themselves or who have eating disorders may have unrecognized depression that needs attention.
How Is Depression Different From Regular Sadness?
Everyone has some ups and downs, and sadness is a natural emotion. The normal stresses of life can lead anyone to feel sad every once in a while. Things like an argument with a friend, a breakup, doing poorly on a test, not being chosen for a team, or a best friend moving out of town can lead to feelings of sadness, hurt, disappointment, or grief. These reactions are usually brief and go away with a little time and care.
Depression is more than occasionally feeling blue, sad, or down in the dumps, though. Depression is a strong mood involving sadness, discouragement, despair, or hopelessness that lasts for weeks, months, or even longer. It interferes with a person's ability to participate in normal activities.
Depression affects a person's thoughts, outlook, and behavior as well as mood. In addition to a depressed mood, a person with depression can also feel tired, irritable, and notice changes in appetite.
When someone has depression, it can cloud everything. The world looks bleak and the person's thoughts reflect that hopelessness and helplessness. People with depression tend to have negative and self-critical thoughts. Sometimes, despite their true value, people with depression can feel worthless and unlovable.
Because of feelings of sadness and low energy, people with depression may pull away from those around them or from activities they once enjoyed. This usually makes them feel more lonely and isolated, making the depression and negative thinking worse.
Depression can be mild or severe. At its worst, depression can create such feelings of despair that a person thinks about suicide.
Depression can cause physical symptoms, too. Some people have an upset stomach, loss of appetite, weight gain or loss, headaches, and sleeping problems when they're depressed.
http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_mind/feeling_sad/depression.html

HYPERACTIVE…

HYPERACTIVE…

l a physical state in which a person is abnormally and easily excitable or exuberant.

l Strong emotional reactions, impulsive behavior, and sometimes a short span of attention are also typical for a hyperactive person.

l Some individuals may show these characteristics naturally, as personality differs from person to person.

l Nonetheless, when hyperactivity starts to become a problem for the person or others, it may be classified as a medical disorder.

CAUSES OF HYPERACTIVE

l There was a great deal of focus on Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as a cause of hyperactivity.

l Normal young children can be very lively and may or may not have short attention spans.

l Children who are bored, are suffering from mental conflict, or are having problems at home — which may even include sexual abuse — can be hyperactive.

l Hyperactivity can also occur because of problems with hearing or vision. Overactive thyroid, lead poisoning, atypical depression, mania, anxiety, sleep deprivation and a range of psychiatric illnesses are some of the potential causes.

SUGAR CONSUMPTION AS A CAUSE OF HYPERACTIVITY

l A common belief is that eating too much sugar will make a person hyperactive.

l This belief is especially prevalent amongst parents and teachers who claim that children's behavior often get more rowdy, excited and energetic after they eat too many sugary food and drinks.

l One particular study found that the perception by parents regarding their children's hyperactivity depended on their belief as to whether they had been given sugar.

l Other studies have shown that the consumption of sugary items does not cause a measurable increase in hyperactive behavior

STUDIES ON OTHER DIETARY CAUSES OF HYPERACTIVITY

l A September 2007 article from Southampton University, touted by the UK Food Standards Agency, displayed that a statistically significant increase in the hyperactivity of children occurred after they consumed common artificial food colours and additives from fruit drinks.

l The UK Food Standards Agency has revised its stance on these additives; informing parents of children that demonstrate hyperactive behaviour that removal of foods contain the six additives from their diet could have beneficial results on behaviour.

l Other studies have recommended the Feingold Diet which eliminates several synthetic colors, synthetic flavors, synthetic preservatives, and artificial sweeteners.

l Several reports have been published indicating a statistically significant effect on the behaviour of children on the diet.

TREATMENTS…

l Currently, there is no approved drug or pharmacological treatment for HSDD and psychotherapy has proved to be only minimally effective.

l If the cause is related to a medical condition, therapy is directed toward the cure or amelioration of that condition.

l Therapy should also be directed towards other accompanying sexual disorders such as erectile dysfunction, which may be contributory.

l If the cause is deemed to be of an interpersonal nature, couples therapy may be beneficial, in which case the support and understanding of the sexual partner is essential.

l Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may help in the treatment of accompanying depression or panic symptoms.

REFERENCES…

www:/hypoactive/Hypoactive%20sexual%20desire%20disorder%20-%20Definition,%20Description,%20Causes%20and%20symptoms,%20Treatments,%20Prognosis,%20Prevention.htm

www:/hyperactive/Hyperactivity%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htm

TERAPI REALITI GLASSER

TERAPI REALITI GLASSER

Tingkah laku sebenarnya digerakkan oleh motivasi dalaman dan bukannya luaran.

Terapi reality berlandaskan 3 prinsip berikut :

· Setiap individu bertanggungjawab ke atas tingkah laku masing-masing.

· Setiap individu berupaya untuk berubah dan hidup secara berkesan sekiranya diberikan bimbingan dan sokongan.

· Setiap individu bertingkah laku mengikut cara tertentu agar dapat membentuk persekitaran mengikut kehendak masing-masing.

Tahun 1986, teori kawalan ditukar kepada teori pilihan iaitu bertujuan untuk memenuhi keinginan individu yang berkenaan. Keinginan itu adalah:

· Keinginan untuk dipunyai.

· Keinginan untuk kuasa.

· Keinginan untuk kebebasan.

· Keinginan untuk bersuka ria.

Pelan pengurusan bilik darjah Glasser.

Murid seharusnya memikul tanggung jawab untuk memenuhi keinginan, mengawal tingkah laku, dan membuat pilihan masing-masing. Berikut merupakan 10 langkah yang telah dibuat oleh Glasser :

1) Guru hendaklah melapangkan masa untuk mengenal pasti punca tingkah laku bermasalah murid tersebut.

2) Guru perlu mempertimbangkan cara penyelesaian.

3) Guru berusaha mencegah salah laku melalui 2 cara iaitu berikan latihan dalan kelas yang menarik dan bina hubungan yang positif dengan murid.

4) Guru mempertingkatkan cara penyoalan.

5) Guru mengadakan perbincangan dengan murid-murid.

6) Murid dikehendaki membentuk satu pelan yang mengandungi tindakan positif dengan bantuan guru.

7) Jika x berkesan,murid diasingkan dengan menggunakan time-out dalam bilik darjah.

8) Hantar murid ke satu lokasi yang selesa tetapi x mengancam orang yang menyelia mereka.

9) Bagi murid yang di luar kawalan, guru hendaklah menghubungi ibu bapa untuk berpindah sekolah.

10) Jika masih serius, rujuk murid kepada pihak berkuasa.

Elemen-elemen Disiplin Yang Berkesan Glasser.

· Berlaku suasana yang saling percaya-mempercayai dan hormat-menghormati.

· Tidak bersifat memaksa.

· Bukan berbentuk hukuman.

· Berupaya membezakan antara masalah disiplin dan peristiwa disiplin.

· Melibatkan pihak yang prihatin dan ingin membantu murid mengubah tingkah laku mereka.

· Membantu murid memenuhi kehendak masing-masing.

· Membantu murid membuat pilihan yang wajar.

· Mengajar murid memikul tanggung jawab secara peribadi.

· Menangani tingkah laku masa kini, bukannya tingkah laku masa lampau.

· Memerlukan murid membuat penghakiman berunsurkan nilai terhadap tingkah laku mereka.

· Membantu murid merancang kea rah perubahan tingkah laku.

· Percaya bahawa murid berupaya untuk berubah kearah yang positif.